Tuesday, September 22, 2009
Saturday, August 1, 2009
OSCILLOSCOPE CONTROLS
1--On/Off. Do not use the wall plug as an on/off switch. Good switches help to control electrical transients which can be harmful to sensitive circuit components.
2- Intensity. Adjust the brightness of the trace until you can just see all the details of the waveform. If the trace is too bright you will not get the best data, your eyes will get very tired, and you could damage the scope.
3- Focus. Rotate this button until the trace is sharp.
4- Beam finder. If you do not find a trace, push this button. The screen will display what quadrant the trace is in. You can then use the horizontal (#10) and vertical controls (#15) to move the trace to the middle of the screen.
5- Triggering source and mode. You will use the scope to observe signals that repeat frequently. The scope must start the sweep at the same point on the waveform every time in order to produce a stable image on the screen. This function is called "triggering". For many common applications you should the source switch on "internal" and the mode switch to "auto". This lets the scope decide when to trigger.
6- Trigger Slope. Usually the signal voltage will equal the triggering voltage twice, once going up and once coming down. A trigger slope control enables you to select which voltage the scope will trigger on.
7- Trigger Level. This sets an internal voltage which is compared to the voltage of the input signal. When the input signal voltage equals the trigger voltage, the scope triggers. If you get an image that seems to be a superposition of many waves, turn the level knob back and forth slowly until you get a stable image.
8- Sweep calibration. This enables you to change the horizontal scale. Unless this knob is turned all the way clockwise, the scope is not calibrated and your data will be worthless. Turn this knob clockwise until it clicks and check it frequently as you take data.
9- Sweep. This determines the horizontal scale for the oscillograph. The scale is read in the upper white window. Its units are seconds/division. See Timebase illustration
10- Horizontal position. This enables you to move the signal back and forth along the X-axis. This determines, in effect, the value the signal will have at the origin.
11- Channel select. Most oscilloscopes are dual trace. This means that they can display two signals at once, which is why there are two signal ports and two sensitivity controls.
12- Signal ports. There is one signal port for each channel. It is a BNC connector for this oscilloscope.
13- Sensitivity calibration. This knob is used to change the vertical scale. If it is not turned all the way clockwise, the scope will be uncalibrated and your data will be worthless. Check this knob frequently as you take data.
14- Sensitivity. This determines the vertical scale. It is read in the left hand white window. The units are volts/division. See Voltage Sensitivity illustration
15- Vertical position. This knob controls the vertical position of the trace. You will find it very convenient when you are setting or reading voltages.
16- AC/DC select. When this is set to "AC" the DC part of the signal is filtered out by a capacitor placed in series between the signal input and the scope. When the selector is set to "ground", the beam will move to zero volts. When the selector is set to "DC", the entire signal will be displayed on the scope.
Friday, July 31, 2009
UNTI STEP FUNCTION
The Heaviside Unit Step Function defines functions encountering ideal On/Off
The Heaviside unit step function turns on a function at t0
The switch (change) at t0 is in fact an impulse, i.e., the Dirac delta function.
DIRAC DELTA OR UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION
The Heaviside Unit Step Function defines functions encountering ideal On/Off
The Dirac delta function works like a sampling gate at t0,
The effect of the sampling gate accumulated through the domain t is the unit step function.
Wednesday, July 29, 2009
JNTU ECE AND GATE SYALLABUS
ECE SYLLABUS
Hello! we are the students of a college,under JNTU ECE.Currently the topics covered in 7 semesters of ECE course are:
First year:
1)C&data structures
2)Electronics devices and circuits
3)Mathematics-1
4)Mathematics-2
5)English
6)Engineering drawing
7)Network analysis
8)Applied Physics
Second Year:
1)Electrical Technology
2)Pulse and Digital circuits
3)Electronic Circuit Analysis
4)Signals and Systems
5)Environmental Sciences
6)Analog Communications
7)Control Systems
8)Mathematics-3
9)Probability Theory and Stochastic Processs
10) Switching Theory and Logic design
11)OOPS throygh JAVA
12)Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines
Third Year:
1)Managerial Economics and financial Analysis
2)Antennas and Wave Propagation
3)Linear Integrated Circuits
4)Digital Integrated Circuits
5)Digital Communications
6)Management Science
7)Digital Signal Processing
8)Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI)
9)Telecommunication and Switching Systems
10)Microwave Engineering
11)Computer Organization
Fourth Year:
Computer networks
electronics measurement and instrumentation
Cellular and mobile communications
radar systems
satellite communications
digiatl image processing
wireless communciations and networks
GATE SYLLABUS ACCORDING TO GATE 2009
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green�s theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy�s and Euler�s equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy�s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor�s and Laurent� series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Networks:
Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton�s maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.
Electronic Devices:
Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.
Analog Circuits:
Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog CMOS. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.
Digital circuits:
Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders, PROMs and PLAs. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.
Signals and Systems:
Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems.
Control Systems:
Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems.
Communications:
Random signals and noise:
probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density.
Analog communication systems:
amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Fundamentals of information theory and channel capacity theorem. Digital communication systems:
pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), digital modulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes. Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM.
Electromagnetics:
Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss� and Stokes� theorems, Maxwell�s equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth.
Transmission lines:
characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Basics of propagation in dielectric waveguide and optical fibers.
Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas; radiation pattern; antenna gain.
Any further queries on the topics can be written in the chat box or post a comment......
Hello! we are the students of a college,under JNTU ECE.Currently the topics covered in 7 semesters of ECE course are:
First year:
1)C&data structures
2)Electronics devices and circuits
3)Mathematics-1
4)Mathematics-2
5)English
6)Engineering drawing
7)Network analysis
8)Applied Physics
Second Year:
1)Electrical Technology
2)Pulse and Digital circuits
3)Electronic Circuit Analysis
4)Signals and Systems
5)Environmental Sciences
6)Analog Communications
7)Control Systems
8)Mathematics-3
9)Probability Theory and Stochastic Processs
10) Switching Theory and Logic design
11)OOPS throygh JAVA
12)Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines
Third Year:
1)Managerial Economics and financial Analysis
2)Antennas and Wave Propagation
3)Linear Integrated Circuits
4)Digital Integrated Circuits
5)Digital Communications
6)Management Science
7)Digital Signal Processing
8)Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI)
9)Telecommunication and Switching Systems
10)Microwave Engineering
11)Computer Organization
Fourth Year:
Computer networks
electronics measurement and instrumentation
Cellular and mobile communications
radar systems
satellite communications
digiatl image processing
wireless communciations and networks
GATE SYLLABUS ACCORDING TO GATE 2009
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigen vectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green�s theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy�s and Euler�s equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy�s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor�s and Laurent� series, Residue theorem, solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distribution, Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform.
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Networks:
Network graphs: matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton�s maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors. Linear constant coefficient differential equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer functions. State equations for networks.
Electronic Devices:
Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Carrier transport in silicon: diffusion current, drift current, mobility, and resistivity. Generation and recombination of carriers. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-I-n and avalanche photo diode, Basics of LASERs. Device technology: integrated circuits fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.
Analog Circuits:
Small Signal Equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and analog CMOS. Simple diode circuits, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators; criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits, 555 Timers. Power supplies.
Digital circuits:
Boolean algebra, minimization of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders, PROMs and PLAs. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor(8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.
Signals and Systems:
Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, z-transform. Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems.
Control Systems:
Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI control systems and frequency response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: root loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots. Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control. State variable representation and solution of state equation of LTI control systems.
Communications:
Random signals and noise:
probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density.
Analog communication systems:
amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers; elements of hardware, realizations of analog communication systems; signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. Fundamentals of information theory and channel capacity theorem. Digital communication systems:
pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), digital modulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK), matched filter receivers, bandwidth consideration and probability of error calculations for these schemes. Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA and GSM.
Electromagnetics:
Elements of vector calculus: divergence and curl; Gauss� and Stokes� theorems, Maxwell�s equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity; skin depth.
Transmission lines:
characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching; S parameters, pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Basics of propagation in dielectric waveguide and optical fibers.
Basics of Antennas: Dipole antennas; radiation pattern; antenna gain.
Any further queries on the topics can be written in the chat box or post a comment......
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